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參數資料
| 型號： | MPSA05ZL1 |
| 廠商： | ON SEMICONDUCTOR |
| 元件分類： | 小信號晶體管 |
| 英文描述： | 500 mA, 60 V, NPN, Si, SMALL SIGNAL TRANSISTOR, TO-92 |
| 封裝： | PLASTIC, TO-226AA, 3 PIN |
| 文件頁數： | 27/36頁 |
| 文件大?。?/td> | 385K |
| 代理商： | MPSA05ZL1 |
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9–19
Reliability and Quality Assurance
Motorola Small–Signal Transistors, FETs and Diodes Device Data
147
148
149
150
151
152
153
154
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
18
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30
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39 40
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75
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
UCL = 152.8
= 150.4
LCL = 148.0
UCL = 7.3
= 3.2
LCL = 0
X
R
Figure 4. Example of Process Control Chart Showing Oven Temperature Data
Where D4, D3, and A2 are constants varying by sample size,
with values for sample sizes from 2 to 10 shown in the
following partial table:
n234
56789
10
D4
3.27
2.57
2.28
2.11
2.00
1.92
1.86
1.82
1.78
D3
*
0.08
0.14
0.18
0.22
A2
1.88
1.02
0.73
0.58
0.48
0.42
0.37
0.34
0.31
*For sample sizes below 7, the LCLR would technically be a negative number;
in those cases there is no lower control limit; this means that for a subgroup size
6, six ‘‘identical’’ measurements would not be unreasonable.
Control charts are used to monitor the variability of critical
process parameters. The R chart shows basic problems with
piece to piece variability related to the process. The X chart can
often identify changes in people, machines, methods, etc. The
source of the variability can be difficult to find and may require
experimental design techniques to identify assignable causes.
Some general rules have been established to help determine
when a process is OUT–OF–CONTROL. Figure 5 shows a
control chart subdivided into zones A, B, and C corresponding
to 3 sigma, 2 sigma, and 1 sigma limits respectively. In Figures
6 through 9 four of the tests that can be used to identify
excessive variability and the presence of assignable causes
are shown. As familiarity with a given process increases, more
subtle tests may be employed successfully.
Once the variability is identified, the cause of the variability
must be determined. Normally, only a few factors have a
significant impact on the total variability of the process. The
importance of correctly identifying these factors is stressed in
the following example. Suppose a process variability depends
on the variance of five factors A, B, C, D, and E. Each has a
variance of 5, 3, 2, 1, and 0.4, respectively.
Since:
σ tot =
σ A2 + σ B2 + σ C2 + σ D2 + σ E2
σ tot =
52 + 32 + 22 + 12 +(0.4)2 = 6.3
If only D is identified and eliminated, then:
σ tot =
52 + 32 + 22 + (0.4)2 = 6.2
This results in less than 2% total variability improvement. If
B, C, and D were eliminated, then:
σ tot =
52 + (0.4)2 = 5.02
This gives a considerably better improvement of 23%. If
only A is identified and reduced from 5 to 2, then:
σ tot =
22 + 32 + 22 + 12 + (0.4)2 = 4.3
Identifying and improving the variability from 5 to 2 yields a
total variability improvement of nearly 40%.
Most techniques may be employed to identify the primary
assignable cause(s). Out–of–control conditions may be
correlated to documented process changes. The product may
be analyzed in detail using best versus worst part comparisons
or Product Analysis Lab equipment. Multi–variance analysis
can be used to determine the family of variation (positional,
critical, or temporal). Lastly, experiments may be run to test
theoretical or factorial analysis. Whatever method is used,
assignable causes must be identified and eliminated in the
most expeditious manner possible.
After assignable causes have been eliminated, new control
limits are calculated to provide a more challenging variablility
criteria for the process. As yields and variability improve, it may
become more difficult to detect improvements because they
become much smaller. When all assignable causes have been
eliminated and the points remain within control limits for 25
groups, the process is said to in a state of control.
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